宋代士大夫的饥荒对策刍议

The Countermeasures against Famine by Different Scholar-officials in Song Dynasty

宋太祖提出荒年募兵的政策,以消除流民可能的动乱隐患。此一设想被富弼较好地落实,并与其它措施一起成为很多士大夫推崇的赈灾典范。欧阳修、司马光等人却因其带来冗兵冗费和劳动力减少而加以反对,但他们未能提出建设性的解决之道。王安石为首的变法派推行以工代赈的救荒政策,而且采取因时、因地、因人制宜的灵活方式,由此发展了生产,同时也起到了避免动乱的政治效果。苏轼兄弟在几种救荒方式间依违不定,程颢曾参与以工代赈行动,朱熹则多次呼吁以这种可持续的方式赈灾。宋太祖钦定和宋神宗正式诏令的赈济方式,均产生很大争议,说明士大夫对"祖宗家法"与国家法令的态度并非严遵谨守,而是力争为我所用。

In Song Dynasty, to deal with famine and the possibility of social movement, Fu Bi set a model by choosing some refugees as soldiers, Ouyang Xiu and Sima （~uang objected this method because it will bring more abundant expense, weaker military capacities and Jess labors. Bur they didn＇t give a better suggestion. The creative statesman, Wang Anshi planned some projects supplied by the refugees. With many other flexible schemes, his measures got a good consequence both economically and politically. So Zhu Xi applied for such policies later but they arc ignored. The scholar officials didn＇t obey the rules set by former Emperors so stricrly .and they just remembered the teachings and ordinance when need for their own opinion.