从公平责任到损失分担之嬗变——近年我国法院裁判体育伤害案件的最新立场

Transformation from fair liability to loss sharing——The latest standpoint from which the courts in China judged sports injury cases in recent years

通过分析近年发生的一些典型体育伤害案件和法院判决,可以发现我国法院就此所持的裁判立场经历了一个从公平责任到自承风险,再从自承风险到损失分担的嬗变过程。损失分担规则是对公平责任的扬弃,有助于法院在裁判理念上的转变,即从强调追究加害者责任到着重考量双方的合理分担比例。与自承风险相比,损失分担规则又有定分止争、促进和谐之效,顺应了现代侵权法在功能和价值取向上发生的转变,从而更有助于实现侵权法的弱者保护价值。

By analyzing some typical sports injury cases occurring in recent years and court judgments, it can be discovered that the judgment standpoint accordingly held by the courts in China has gone through a process of transformation from fair liability to assumption of risk, and then from assumption of risk to loss sharing. The loss sharing rule is the upgrade of fair liability, conducive to court transformation in terms of judgment conception, i.e. from emphasizing the offender’s“liability”to focusing mainly on the rational sharing proportions of both parties. As compared with assumption of risk, the loss sharing rule is also effective in resolving disputes and promoting har-mony, in accordance with modern tort law transformation in terms of function and value orientation, thus more conducive to realizing tort law’s value in protecting the weak.