“人的安全”与国家安全——国际政治视角的伦理论辩与政策选择

Human Security vs National Security:Ethical Arguments and Policy Choices

"人的安全"是最近20年来广受关注而又极具争议的一个国际议题。作者认为,在民族国家体系中,关键问题是要厘清"人的安全"与国家安全之间的关系,从国际政治实践与道德实践的角度,辨明它们的合理边界与兼容范围以及伦理与政治抉择的原则和途径。由于安全价值与安全挑战的多样性,"人的安全"与国家安全无法相互替代,它们既有冲突也有可能兼容互补:促进"人的安全"有助于社会稳定从而巩固国家安全,但这也可能成为国家安全受损的原因或借口。国家既是民众安全的"容器",也可能成为其障碍或威胁来源;实现"人的安全",不能否定国家的主导作用,同时也要借助各类非国家行为体的力量;在国际安全实践中应兼顾体系和平、经济正义、人类可持续发展和国内冲突管理等四类安全目标,但必须分清主次与轻重缓急,并根据威胁的性质合理选择安全手段与策略,防止滥施国际干涉尤其是武力干涉。

In discussing the concept of human security,the key question is to clarify its relationship with national security.From the perspectives of international politics and practical ethics,this paper purports to investigate the real or potential conflicts between the 'human-centered' and the 'nation-centered' concepts of security as well as their necessary and possible compatibility.The author argues that given the varieties of both the security values and the threats to them,human security and national security cannot replace each other;that there exhibit both conflicts and interdependence between them;that in promoting human security,nation-states are still the main actors while various non-state actors can contribute to this task in different ways;that in dealing with a wide range of security objectives at either national,international or global levels,we must differentiate what is primary from what is secondary and what is long-term from what is immediate,while taking into account all security needs at the same time;and that the means or strategies must be adapted according to the nature of threats so as to avoid the misuse or overuse of international military intervention.