收入差距与威权治理:俄罗斯与中国的比较

Inequality and Authoritarian Rule in Russia and China

人们常常注意到俄罗斯与中国发展道路的差异,但对两国的相似之处却讨论不多。文章认为,俄罗斯的政治体制通常被定义为"选举式威权主义"或者"竞争性威权主义",而中国则被中国问题专家称为碎片化的威权主义。两国在诸如税收、再分配支出以及公共产品供给等重要问题的政策制定程序上具有相似之处。在由国家提供公共产品、汇集和再分配社会资源的行政结构改革之后,中俄两国都不同程度地出现了收入和社会福利的分化。在中国,经济增长几乎使所有社会阶层的收入都有所增加,而俄罗斯却没有做到这一点。中俄两国面临的共同问题是:改革受益者收入的迅速集中使得地区和阶层的贫富差距愈加明显。

Although the differences between Russia and China in the paths of their post - communist develop- ment are widely recognized, much less attention has been paid to their similarities. Russia is generally regarded as a case of ＂electoral authoritarianism＂ or ＂competitive authoritarianism,＂ while China is often characterized as a case of ＂fragmented authoritarianism＂. In neither, however, is policy making on such basic issues as taxa- tion, redistributive spending, and the level of public goods provision set as a result of democratic electoral com- petition or corporatist bargaining. The dismantling of the state - socialist administrative structures for providing public goods and extracting and redistributing resources has left these two regimes poorly equipped to overcome the powerful forces of differentiation of income and social welfare. In China, though not in Russia, economic growth has raised incomes for nearly all strata. But, in both, the rapid concentration of gains in income among the beneficiaries of reform has brought accumulation of advantage in prosperous regions and strata whose mo- mentum is difficult to reverse.