澳甲与船甲——清代渔船编管制度及其观念

Aojia and Chuanjia: A Survey of the Surveillance of Fishing Vessels and its Corresponding Administrative Concepts in the Qing Dynasty

本文以华南沿海地区为例,以澳甲和船甲的实施和推广为中心,考察了清朝沿海渔船编制管理制度的形成过程,以及其中所蕴含的清朝海洋管理策略。康熙开海之后,商渔分离,渔民被视为关系濒海地区治安的最大要素,而为了实现对濒海地区那些具有很强流动性的人群的管治,清代官员在吸收既有经验的基础上,根据濒海渔户生计的特性,抓住其最重要的生活、生产工具———船只,利用船只与陆地上固定联系地点,通过澳甲、船甲等方式加以稽查、编管,以陆控海,尽量将其在海上的活动限定在可预知的范围之内,实现宏观把握。此制度主要形成于濒海战事初定的康熙雍正年间,多源于福建的经验,而后随着官员职位迁转,他们的观念、办法又会得到延续、推广,当这些成案成为闽粤官员头脑中的一种治理经验的资源时,后代官员也会不断援引。

This paper examines the surveillance of fishing vessels in the Qing Dynasty by focusing on the coastal region of South China, and discusses the concept of maritime administration. After the ＂ Coastal Clearance＂ policy was ended in 1684, fishermen were viewed as the main potential menace to the coastal public security. In order to control fishermen, a highly mobile group, the Qing officials took advantage of the vital role that fishing vessels played in fishermen＇s livelihood to develop an administrative regime. The officials tried to register and check the vessels by organizing them into administration units in the places where they were built, repaired, berthed and supplied instead of trying to control the people who lived on the vessel who were difficult to track. There were two main categories of such administrative units. One was Aojia, which aimed at registering households by inlet; and another one was Chuanjia, which aimed at registering vessel in teams. Consequently, the government could restrict the scope of fishermen＇s activities at sea on the basis of administration at land. This regulatory regime formed in the Kangxi reign and Yongzheng reign and was based on the experience in Fujian Province. The practice spread until it became a well-established policy resource which was constantly cited by officials in the later ages.