我国存款准备金制度的特点与发展趋势分析

Analysis of the Characteristics and Development Tendency of the Reserve Against Deposit System in China

当今世界主要市场经济国家准备金率及其调整频率一般很低,部分国家甚至完全取消准备金工具使用,而我国不仅准备金率较高而且调整频繁,是重要的货币政策工具。准备金制度地位和作用巨大反差的原因在于,其调控目标和发挥作用的金融环境的不同。短期来看,准备金率依然是我国央行倚重的货币政策工具,但长期来看,弱化其使用是必然趋势,而弱化的主要条件是外部经济失衡问题明显好转、金融体系流动性过剩局面得到明显缓解、利率市场化机制基本形成。

Comparing the reserve against deposit system in China and in developed countries, we can find that the RRR （reserve requirement ratio） is generally very low in main market economic countries, so does the frequency of required-reserve policy adjustment which is even completely abandoned in some countries. China, by contrast, has a higher level not only of the RRR （reserve requirement ratio） but also of the frequency of required-reserve policy adjustment. The required-reserve policy has still been an important tool of monetary policy in China. The huge differences in the status and role of the required-reserve policy between China and major market economic countries are mainly caused by the difference in the target of macroeconomic controls as well as the financial environment where the controls can play their roles. In the short-term, the required-reserve policy will still be an important tool of monetary policy in China. But lowering the frequency of policy adjustment, over the long haul, is an irresistible trend. As we will see, the obvious improvement of exterior economic imbalance, the significant progress of excess liquidity in financial markets and the basic formations of interest rate marketization are the essential conditions for the change.