北魏平城时代平城墓葬的文化转型

THE CULTURAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE BURIALS IN THE PINGCHENG REGION DURING THE PINGCHENG PERIOD OF THE NORTHERN WEI DYNASTY

平城作为北魏的都城，始于道武帝天兴元年（398年），止于孝文帝太和十八年（494年）。这九十七年间，有学者称为“平城时代”。由于建都，平城从边郡之地发展成中国北部的政治和文化中心，大批移民迁入，大量财富汇聚，自魏晋以来文化荒芜的面貌得到彻底改观，为北朝晚期文化走出低谷、迎来隋唐盛世文明酝酿着文化体系的转型和前进的动力。

Around the early and late phases of the Pingcheng Period of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the burial culture in the Pingcheng region experienced a sharp transformation. The diversified characteristics and multi-system coexistence are the simplest summary of the appearance of the burial culture in the early phase of the Pingcheng Period of the Northern Wei Dynasty. During the progress of unifying the north and enlarging the Pingcheng City, the Northern Wei Dynasty largely absorbed the cultures of the Sixteen-Kingdoms to enrich itself; from the cultural elements in the mural tomb at Shaling built in the first year of Taiyan Era （435）, Yuchi Dingzhou＇s tomb built in the third year of Tai＇an Era （457） and Liang Baihu＇s tomb built in the second year of Heping Era （461）, we can see that they main- ly came from the Gansu Corridor, the northeastern China and the Shaanxi Plain. The plans of the tomb chambers could be square or rectangular; the demonstrations of the lives of the tomb occupants could be painted on the burial furniture or in the murals, or written in the epitaphs made of brick or stone; potteries still took the bulk of the grave goods, but they included not only the traditional Tuoba Xianbei-styled jars with pricked patterns but also the new-styled jars and vases with flat mouth or dish-shaped rim; the tomb murals, moreover, directly showed the coexistence and overlapping of the motifs and composition forms from different cultural origins. In the late phase of Pingcheng Period, to meet the demand of vying for the legitimate sovereign with the Southern Dynasties, the burial culture adopted the simple and frugal style of the Western Jin Dynasty, the case of which is Song Shaozu＇s tomb built in the first year of Taihe Era （477） but the beginning of this style would be earlier. The plan of the tomb chamber was regularized into square with curved sides, and the most complicated form was just double-chamber （ante and rear chambers）, which was the final form of the tomb types of the Western Jin Dynasty. The tombs of the Western Jin Dynasty did not have murals but three sets of figurine groups （the tomb-guarding set consisting of the tomb-quelling beast and war- rior figurines, the procession set consisting of the oxcart, saddled horse and male and female attendant figurines and the animal set consisting of the livestock and poultry figurines） and utensil and facility models, and the characteristics of the tombs in the late phase of Pingcheng Period that the murals were restrained and the complete figurine groups were restored were clearly following this style of the Western Jin Dynasty. The lives of the tomb occupants were recorded into the epitaphs made of rectangular bricks or tablet-shaped or rectangular stones, which were also popular epitaph types of the Western Jin Dynasty. By these changes, the burial culture of the Northern Wei Dynasty entered the track of returning to the ＂Western Jin System＂.