汉代河西粮食作物考

Research on Food Crops of Hexi Area in Han Dynasty

汉代河西种植的粮食作物主要有粟、大麦、小麦、穬麦、青稞、黍、糜、、豆等。其中谷是粮食的总称;粟又称禾,即谷子,去壳后为小米;粱既可指好米,亦可代指好粟。麦有大麦、小麦之别,河西汉简中的麦主要是指小麦;穬麦是一种抗寒抗旱能力较强的作物,但并非青稞;稷就是粟而非穄;黍、糜、、穄皆同物异名,俗称糜子,其籽实去壳后为黄米;可能也是穄的另一种称谓;青黍即青稞;豆(胡豆)即今之豌豆。它们既是河西民众和边塞吏卒的日常食物,也被用作家畜家禽的饲料,有的还可酿酒。

During Han dynasty the food crops are mainly ＂Su＂ （粟 ）, barley, wheat, wheat with awn, highland barley, millet, broom corn millet, beans, etc in Hexi area, of which grain is the general name of food crops. ＂Su＂ is also called cereal which actually is foxtail millet with the Chinese name ＂Xiaomi＂ after being processed. Sorghum can either refer to fine rice, or good ＂Su＂. There are two different kinds of Mai, respective- ly called barley and wheat. In bamboozle and wooden slips of Hexi area, Mai mainly refers to wheat. The wheat with awn is a kind of crops with high resistance to cold and drought, but not the highland barley. ＂Ji＂ （ 稷） is another name of ＂Su＂. ＂Shu＂ （ 黍 ）, ＂Mei＂ （糜）, ＂Ji＂ （ 穄 ） as well as Ji which refer to the same crop named in different terms, are commonly known as broom corn millet. The seed of it becomes oars rice after being pro- cessed. ＂Panghuang＂ （[禾旁 和皇]） can be another name of Ji. Green Shu is highland barley. Bean is pea today. They are not only regarded as the daily diets for the people in Hexi area and the soldiers in frontier, but also used as the fodder of domestic animals. Meanwhile, some may be used for the brewery.