清华简《周公之琴舞》组诗的身份确认及其诗学史意义

The Identification and Significance of Tsinghua Bamboo Slips “Zhou Gong Zhi Qin Wu”in Poetic History

清华简第三册《周公之琴舞》存周公毖臣诗四句、成王自儆诗九首,是题目、短序、乐章标识俱全的乐舞诗章。成王九首诗中祀祖、自儆、儆臣内容连贯,又符合古诗乐以"九"成组篇制结构,还与传世文本《诗经·周颂》多为组诗的原初形态暗合,故九首是一完整的组诗。其中第一首见于今本《诗经·周颂》的《敬之》篇,故整体为《诗经·周颂》作品无疑。由短序推知,周公四句诗原来是另九首,同属《诗经·周颂》"逸诗"。两组十七首"逸诗"的诗学史意义:一为"孔子删诗"公案的最终解决提供了新的支撑,并为其删诗"十分去九"提供了文本范例,且启示人重新理解司马迁"去其重"的含义不只指删除重复诗篇,还指删除内容相近的诗篇;二为《毛诗序》形成时代的最终解决提供了新证,说明《诗经》至迟到战国中期已有序;三是揭示了《诗经》"颂"诗有别于"风"、"雅"只唱不舞而诗乐舞三位一体的原始特征。

＂Zhou Gong Zhi Qin Wu＂ on the Bamboo Slips of the Warring States Period Collected by Tsinghua University, Vol. IIl preserves four sentences of Zhou Gong＇s warning poems and nine warning poems of Emperor Cheng during the Zhou Dynasty. It has title, short preface, and musical signs, the structure of which is a trinity of poetry, music and dance. Emperor Cheng＇s nine poems compose unabridged group poems. This composition accords with the structure of the age-old music, in which each group is formed by nine pieces. The nine poems＇ contents are cohesive The primary pattern of Zhong Song in The Book of Poetry is also the group poems. So the nine poems are complete group poems. The first poem of the group, namely Jing Zhi, is found in Zhou Song of The Book of Songs. So the nine poems in the group should all belong to Zhou Song of The Book of Songs. Also it can be known from the short preface, Zhou Gong originally should have nine poems, which were also the lost poems of The Book of Songs. Here are three points about the poetic historical significance of the seventeen lost poems： first, they provide new support for the remark of Confucius＇ deleting poems, providing text sample for the viewpoint that Confucius deleted poems ninetenths, and weakened the core reason of the negative views. They give new highlight to the viewpoint ＂deleting the duplications,＂ which was put forward by Sima Qian. The viewpoint ＂ deleting the duplications＂ not only means deleting the repeats, but also deleting the ones with similar contents. Second, they provide new evidence for the respond to The Poetics question produced by ＂Mao Shi Xu. ＂ Third, they reveal that Song poetry is different from Feng poetry and Ya poetry. Feng poetry and Ya poetry are only songs without dance, but the form of Song poetry is a trinity of poetry, music and dance, which is the characteristics of the primary pattern