多人环境污染损害中的因果关系形态及责任承担

On the Forms of Complex Causations of Environmental Multi-tortfeasor and their tort liability

多人环境污染损害中的复数因果关系的形态可分为四种,即共同的因果关系、竞合的因果关系、累积的因果关系与择一的因果关系。在《侵权责任法》第10至12条规定的共同危险行为与无意思联络数人侵权中,正包括了这四种形态的复数因果关系。尽管《侵权责任法》第66条对环境污染行为采取了因果关系推定,但不能据此直接适用《侵权责任法》第11条,令侵权人承担连带责任。受害人须证明满足适用该条的要件,否则应当适用《侵权责任法》第12条。此外,由于共同危险行为不适用加害部分不明的情形,加之环境污染实行因果关系推定规则,故此产生择一因果关系的多人环境污染损害案件的可能性很小。

The forms of complex causation of environmental multi-tortfeasor could be divided into four types,as common causation,concurrent causation,cumulative causation and alternative causation. In CTLL( China Tort Liability Law),Article10- 12 stipulate joint dangerous act and several concurrent tortfeaors,which including the four aboved forms of complex causation. Although Article 66 of CTLL provides that the presumption of causation should be applied in tort liability of environmental pollution,it does not mean that the Article 12 of CTLL has been excluded. Since in China law joint dangerous act can only be applied in the circumstance that specific tortfeasor cannot be determined,alternative causation rarely occurs in environmental pollution cases.