钱与帛——中国人民大学博物馆藏三件于阗语—汉语双语文书解析

Money and Cloth———Notes on Three Chinese-Khotanese Documents in the Collection of the Museum of Renmin University of China

中国人民大学博物馆展出了一批古代文书,其中有三件于阗语—汉语双语文书,严格意义上,是两件双语、一件有于阗语注音的汉文书。第一件《桑宜没欠款》,馆藏编号GXW0107,所涉及人名大多是于阗文书中常见,年代大抵形成于8世纪末的30年之间,所记事件发生在古代于阗著名的杰谢。第二件编号GXW0038者,曾定名为《汉语于阗语双语契约》,但从剩余于阗文字判断,更像是下级对上级的辩状公文。于阗语部分出现催促交纳thauna"布;絺紬"的语句,亦反映出8世纪末古代于阗社会对纺织品的强烈需求。第三件是《杰谢首领勿劳便緤布契》,馆藏编号GXW0163,此件看似双语文书,实际上是一件有于阗语注音的汉语文书,虽然残破,但具备提示作用。本文主旨,在于解析这三件文书所涵盖的语言、历史信息。基本结论:从文书所涉及的人物以及事宜而观,这三件文书应属于一个时代,甚至可能出自同一处遗址,反映了8世纪后30-20年杰谢地区的生产、生活以及居民的构成,值得结合其他文献更深入探讨。

Among the ancient documents exhibited in the Museum of the Renmin University of China,there are 3 fragmentary Chinese-Khotanese bilingual documents. The first document,GXW0107,refers to some personal names which are common in Yutian documents. This document,dated last 30years of the 8th century,recorded an event happened at Jiexie,a famous town of ancient Yutian. The second one,numbered GXW0038,called contract before,is an official document judging from the remnant Khotanese which has the sentence of urging somebody to pay thauna,i. e. cloth,indicating a strong demand for fabrics in the last years of the 8th century. The third,numbered GXW0163,is in fact a Chinese document marked with Khotanese phonetic symbols. This paper intends to interpret the languages and historical informations of these 3 documents. It can be concluded that these 3 documents belong to the same time and may come from the same site,reflecting production,life and inhabitant in Jiexie in the last 30-20 years of the 8th century,and being worth further studying by combining with other literatures.