论墨家的孝道——以儒家孝道为参照

On Filial Piety in Mohism

墨家主张孝道在于生"利亲"、死"节葬"、祭"明鬼"。其孝道实质在利,其孝道方式强调节约,其孝道心态主张虔诚。我们认为:墨家生之孝道着重于"事之"、"利亲",轻视甚至忽视了"礼之"、"乐之"、"尊之"等精神享受,是极端的功利主义;在"爱人父母"与"爱己父母"的广泛孝道关系处理上存在矛盾;墨家节葬之孝道可取之处多,但是需要合适方式的语境和前瞻,不能一概而论;墨子对祭祀的功利价值进行了论证和直接的辩护,以鬼神作为孝敬学说宗教上最后的制裁,则是虔诚和迷信的混合。我们从孝的三大方面——生、死、祭,详细说明了孝道的表现,从当代道义论和正义论的伦理学视野,指出了它们的合理性和局限性,尤其是对极端的功利主义进行了批评,进而强调人的生命价值和目的价值的可贵。

Filial piety in Mohism is manifested in benefiting one＇ s parents when they are living, tackling their death with thrift in fu- neral, and showing devoutness when offering sacrifices. The essence of its filial piety lies in benefit, the mode of it stresses thrift, and the mentality of it holds devoutness in esteem. The filial piety in Mohism upholding serving and benefiting the parents but despising and even neglecting respecting them in accordance with rituals, making them pleasant with music, and venerating them with sincerity can be attributed to extreme utilitarianism; there are contradictions in Mohism in dealing with ＂loving one＇ s own parents＂ and ＂loving other persons＇ parents＂ ; though thrifty funeral advocated by the school is adoptable, it ought to be carried out according to appropri- ate contexts and prospects ; Mo zi ＇ s direct defense and argument for the utilitarian value of sacrifices and taking spirits and ghosts as the ultimate religious judge for filial piety is a mixture of devoutness and superstition. This paper introduces in detail the expressions of filial piety in Mohism through three aspects of living, death, and sacrifices, points out its rationality and limits in perspective of con- temporary justice and righteousness, and particularly criticizes its extreme utilitarianism in order to emphasize the esteem of life and alms.