传续与策略:1990—2010年中国家务分工的性别差异

Continuity and Strategy: a Gender Pattern of Household Work Division in China between 1990-2010

在过去60多年中,中国男女两性社会劳动参与的"外—外"格局业已形成,但女性依旧未能相应卸下繁重的家务负担,并从过去主要"主内"转变为肩负家庭劳动和社会劳动的双重责任。本文提出"女性策略"视角,补充解释男性依旧"主外"、而女性"内—外"兼顾格局的原因,认为在父权制度建构下,女性可能将家务作为一种资源,将做更多的家务作为维持婚姻稳定及家庭和谐的一种策略。同时,利用1990年、2000年和2010年三次妇女地位调查数据,检验该视角的合理性。结果表明,尽管平等的性别角色观念促使男性更多地参与家务劳动,但在主客观条件均同的情况下,女性的家务劳动时间仍远远超过男性,且更为平等的性别观念也未明显降低女性的家务劳动时间,为女性策略视角提供了一定的实证支持。

The high rate of labor force participation of women in China has broken through the borderline that men are responsible for outside affairs and women shoulder both inside and outside responsibilities. This paper proposes a framework of female strategy to explain why women still undertake disproportionally high share of housework in the new context. It argues that women may treat housework as a resource and utilize it a strategy to maintain the stability of marriage harmony of within the family context of patriarchic cultural framework. Then it draws on data from the 1990, 2000 and 2010's Chinese Women Status Survey to analyze the trend, patterns, characteristics and determinants of the housework division between women and men. We found that while a more equitable gender role ideology motivates men to do more housework, given their better social and economic resources, women may have to resort to housework in order to maintain their family status, or to balance work and family.