中国历史上的草原退化及其防治——以土默特草原退化为例

A Study on the Grasslands' Degradation and Controlling Measures in History:Taking Tumd as an Example

土默特草原是中国历史上最重要的草原之一,自明代中期以来经历了阿勒坦汗时期的适度开垦、清朝前期的大量开垦和清末民国时期的疯狂开垦3个退化阶段。前两个阶段,主政者采取了不同措施,力图在解决实际需要的同时最大程度地保护草原;第三阶段,由于以往的保护变成了掠夺,使土默特草原遭到彻底破坏,遗害至今。考察土默特草原退化的历史过程及当时防治退化的措施,对当今草原治理、草原保护和生态文明建设具有特殊重要的意义。

Tumd grassland is one of the most important grasslands of China. Since the middle of Ming Dynasty, Tumd grassland had experienced three stages of degradation. In the period of Altan Khan and early Qing Dynasty, the directors had tried their best to protect the grassland as reclaiming the grassland. However, from the late Qing Dynasty to the period of the Republic of China, the directors began to plun- der the grassland, which made it completely destroyed. This article studied the process of Tumd grass- land＇s degradation and the measures that the directors had taken.