从《魏名臣奏议》看魏晋文学的新变

Changes in Literature of the Wei and Jin Dynasties: As Reflected in Wei Ming Chen Zou Yi

《魏名臣奏议》是第一部按"采擿孔翠,芟剪繁芜"方式编纂的中国文学总集。从文学史角度看,它的编纂有三方面意义:(一)反映了当时人对奏、议、表、疏等朝政文体的重视;(二)标志着奏议文和论说文走上专业化和艺术化的道路;(三)开创了南朝总集编纂和文笔之辨的先声。这对应于魏晋文学的三个特点:其一,在魏代人看来,奏、议、表、疏等文体属于"经国之大业,不朽之盛事",是英才所擅。它们与作为清谈产物的论说文同是魏晋谈论高潮的反映。其二,受汉以来重视文辞之风尚的影响,散文体作品在魏代表现出明显的骈化倾向。其三,汉魏六朝文章辨体观念经历了"言笔之辨"(主张"文以足言")、"文笔之辨"和文笔并重三个发展阶段。《魏名臣奏议》是"文以足言"阶段文体运动的产物。它与代表"文笔之辨"时期的《文章流别集》与文笔并重时期的《文选》构成"正—反—合"的关系。

Wei Ming Chen Zou Yi( literarily,the representations and argumentations written by the famous officials to the emperors in the Wei Dynasty) is a literary collection,compiled on the principle of 'absorbing the quintessence,and removing verbosity'. The collection was a natural product of Wei literature since it appreciated such political essays as representation,argumentation,petition,and analysis,and,at the same time,indicated that the political writings of such styles were becoming more and more professional and artistic. The collection was a banner of the then literary reform,which advocated the principle of wen yi zu yan,literarily,sticking to the point in writing,and indeed a harbinger for both the distinction between professional verse and nonprofessional prose in the following Southern Dynasty and the practice of literary-collection compilation.