从基辅罗斯、莫斯科罗斯到彼得堡罗斯:俄国政治制度的演变

The Evolution of Russian Political Institutions: from Kievan Rus and Moscow Rus to Petersburg Rus

俄国政治制度从基辅罗斯演变到18世纪初,可以划分为如下几个阶段:(1)基辅罗斯的"维彻君主制";(2)莫斯科罗斯的"等级代表君主制";(3)彼得堡罗斯的"绝对君主制"。在俄国,"专制君主制"是一个长时期的历史现象,它既不同于东方的"独裁君主制",也不同于西方的"绝对君主制",而有着自己独特的发展道路。俄国专制君主制是金帐汗国的传统、拜占庭的遗产、东北罗斯的地理环境三方面因素合力的结果。从伊凡三世自称"专制君主"起,专制君主制经历了等级代表君主制的发展,到彼得一世时确立了绝对君主制。但是,俄国的"等级代表君主制"和"绝对君主制"虽有与西方相近的形式,却并没有与西方相近的实质。不过,不能把俄国政治制度的演变看作专制政体的直线式发展,其间还存在着其他选择的可能性。

The evolution of Russian political institution from Kievan Rus to the early 18＇h century can be divid- ed into three periods, that is, ＂p01is monarchy＂ in Kievan Rus, ＂hierarchical monarchy＂ in Moscow Rus and ＂ab- solute monarchy＂ in Petersburg Rus. ＂Despotic monarch＂ in Russia was a lasting historical phenomenon, which had its characteristic road of development different either from ＂dictatorial monarchy＂ in the East or from ＂absolute monarchy＂ in the West. The despotic monarchy in Russia resulted from a combination of three elements, namely, the tradition of the Golden Horde, heritage from Byzantium and the geographic environment of Northwest Rus. Since Ivan III who claimed to be a ＂despotic monarch＂, despotic monarchy went through the development of a hier- archical monarchy and became established in the reign of Peter I. However, either ＂hierarchical monarchy＂ or ＂absolute monarchy＂ in Russia was similar the counterpart in West only in form but not in essence.