俄国1864年司法改革与帝俄晚期法治国家建设

The 1864 Judicial Reform and Construction of a Country of Law in the Late Russian Empire

1861年农奴制的废除,标志着俄国现代化真正启动。在农民改革的推动下,沙皇政府为解决旧司法体制中存在的低效、腐败、不公正等问题,为调和社会各阶层利益,于1864年开始推行司法改革。改革的创新之处在于权力分离、审判公开和辩诉体制的确立,以及陪审制和律师制的创建。从改革的实践来看,新司法体制在保护个人权利,推动法制完善等方面发挥了重要作用,俄国开始向法治国家的方向发展。不过,19世纪70—90年代沙皇政府采取的一系列反改革措施部分地破坏了法治国家建设的基础和原则,沙皇专制制度仍是俄国法治国家建设不可逾越的障碍。由此来看,专制体制下法治国家建设不仅只是变革司法的问题,还涉及政治制度变革等一系列复杂问题。

The abolishment of serfdom in 1861 marked the real start of Russian modernization. Under the drive of peasant reform, the Czar Government started to introduce a judicial reform in 1864 so as to solve the many problems in the old institutions, such low efficiency, corruption, injustice and so on, and reconcile the interests between different social classes. The reform contributed several innovations, for example, power separation, open trial and establishment of the appealing system, jury system and lawyer system. In terms of practice, the reform played an important role in promoting the completion of national legal system, which made Russia advance to a law- ruled country. However, a series of anti-reform measures adopted by the Czar Government between 1870s and 1890s partly undermined the foundation and principle for construction of a law-ruled state, which made the Czar despotism itself an insurmountable obstacle to the construction of a law-ruled country. From the above-mentioned, the construction of a law-ruled under the despotic institution calls for not only a judicial reform but transformation of a serises of complicated problems in political institution reform.