“非物质劳动”与资本逻辑——意大利自治马克思主义对政治经济学批判传统的复归

“Immaterial Labor”and the Logic of Capital——Italian Autonomous Marxism's Return on the Criticism of the Traditional Political Economics

与20世纪以来西方马克思主义整体上的文化批判路向不同,意大利自治主义的马克思主义秉承了马克思政治经济学批判的传统,对《资本论》及手稿重新进行了政治学解读,以劳动与资本二元主体的对抗关系为枢轴,揭示了资本主义劳动组织方式所发生的结构性转变,即从"福特主义"到"后福特主义"劳动主体、形式和内容越来越具有"非物质劳动"的倾向,资本逻辑的深入剥削形式表现为对劳动者主体性的重新建构和社会生活的全面控制。奈格里、哈特等学者将"非物质劳动"置入马克思社会关系及再生产理论中,从福柯的"生命政治"框架中探寻建构革命主体的可能性,并对自主的、反抗的革命主体进行重新界定,坚持了马克思通过政治经济学批判向政治革命斗争实践转换的根本立场,在新时代语境下拓展了阶级斗争的主体向度和革命潜能。

Different from the Western Marxist cultural criticism as a whole since the twentieth Century, Italian Autonomous Marxism inherited the tradition of criticism from Marxist Political Economics. The Italian scholars reinterpreted Capital and its manuscripts from a political per- spective. Their theory stems from the opposition of the duality of capital and labor and reveals the structural change of capitalist labor organization, which is the increasing trend of ＂immaterial labor＂ within the subject, trend and contents of labor from ＂Fordism＂ to ＂post Fordism＂. A fur- ther exploitation of the logic of capital is expressed as the reconstruction of labor subjectivity and the complete control of social activities. Scholars such as Negri and Hart categorized immaterial labor into the theory of Marx＇s social relations and reproduction, searched for the possibility of constructing the revolution subject from Foucauh＇s ＂life politics＂ framework and redefined the in- dependent and rebellious revolution subject. Their work reinforce Marx＇s basic standpoint of transforming from criticism of political economics to the practice of political revolution, thereby broadening the horizon of subjectivity and revolutionary potentials of class wars.