第一次世界大战与欧美和平运动的发展

The First World War and Development of Pacifist Movement in Europe and the US

第一次世界大战前的欧美和平运动,影响非常有限。大战中诞生的苏维埃俄国的和平外交取向以及列宁提出的和平共处原则,揭开了国际关系史上崭新的一页。大战的极端残酷性使欧美出现了反战、厌战、恐战的社会思潮,并导致和平运动高涨。20年代的和平运动在一定程度上推动了限制与反对战争的国际法的发展;30年代和平运动的绥靖化,为绥靖政策的形成和顺利实施奠定了思想与社会基础,间接地鼓励了法西斯国家不断侵略扩张直至发动另一场大战。这一历史现象对和平学研究作出了独特贡献并给予人们重要启示:绝对反对一切战争的和平主义有时会事与愿违;在当今时代,发展与完善和平机制,恪守和平共处、和平解决国际争端的理念与实践,是对世界和平的切实贡献。

The Pacifist movement in Europe and the United States did not have a major impact on the international situation prior to the First World War.Soviet Russia,born in the Great War,with its peaceful diplomatic orientation and Lenin's principle of peaceful coexistence,opened a new chapter in international history.World War I was so cruel that it led to the emergence of an ethos of anti-war,warweariness and fear of war,causing the rise of Pacifist movement in Europe and the United States;the Pacifist movement in the 1920 s,to some extent,promoted the development of international law regarding limiting war and protesting against war.The trend toward appeasement of the Pacifist movement in the 1930 s,which was the ideological and social basis of developing and implementing appeasement policies,indirectly encouraged fascist aggression and expansion and finally encouraged fascist states to launch the Second World War.This historical phenomenon offers a unique contribution to peace studies and gives us an important revelation:pacifism opposes all war absolutely,which sometimes backfires and may encourage the occurrence of wars.Nowadays,improving peaceful systems,adhering to the concepts and practices of peaceful coexistence,and peaceful settlement of international disputes,are offering effective contributions to world peace.