英国殖民统治期间对印度森林的管理开发状况研究(1858-1947)

The Management and Development of Indian Forests during the British Colonial Period(1858-1947)

19世纪中期印度完全沦为英国殖民地的时候,英国本土的森林资源已经消耗殆尽。英国议会通过法律剥夺了印度村社的森林产权,将其变为英国国有。殖民地森林局占有大片国有森林,用于修建铁路或出口,将印度的森林产业化,废除了印度传统的轮耕制度,并在一定程度上将科学的森林管理方法引入印度,促进了印度现代林业学的发展。英国人在印度的森林政策反映了19世纪后半期英国社会思潮的变化以及人与自然关系的改变,同时也破坏了印度的社会结构,并且对生态的干扰程度加深。

By the middle of the 19 th century,India had completely become a colony of Great Britain.Meanwhile,the forest in Britain had been used up.Therefore,the British Parliament passed a bill in which the property right of forests of Indian villages and communities was deprived.The British came to controt the forests.The Forest Bureau in the colony grew a large quantity of woods for construction of railways or exporting.The forests in India was then industrialized.After the traditional rotational cultivation system in India was abolished,to some extent,the scientific forest management was introduced into India,which promoted the development of modern forest science in India.The forest policy of Britain reflected the change in thought of society,and relations between human beings and nature in Britain.It also destroyed the social system in India.On one hand,it encouraged the modernization of India,and on the other hand,it intensified the interference to ecology.