对晚清《植物学》一书中真菌学知识的考察

A study of the mycological knowledge in the Zhiwu Xue of the Late Qing Dynasty

作为我国首部介绍西方近代植物学的书籍,晚清李善兰等人翻译的《植物学》一书也包含一小部分真菌学知识,这对我国近代真菌学的发展具有启蒙作用。通过对这部分内容的考察,发现在该书的分类体系中,真菌被视作一类植物,统称为"蕈类",隶属于"通长类"(低等植物)。然而和植物学专有名词的创译相比,《植物学》的译者在翻译真菌学内容时,用词随意性较大,没有形成固定的译法,文中甚至还有错误。现代真菌学中常见的"真菌""孢子""子囊"等词汇,书中虽简单提及相应的概念,但并未创造出这些中文词汇。造成这种情况的原因,除了译者和时代的问题外,也与当时真菌学尚不发达、真菌学内容在植物学专著中篇幅较小、地位次要等因素有密切联系。

As the first Chinese book introducing modern Western botany,the Zhiwu Xue written by Li Shanlan of the late Qing dynasty contains a small amount of mycological knowledge that enlightened the development of modern Chinese mycology.Based on the analysis of this part,it is found that fungi are taken as a group of plants,which is called ＂Xun Lei＂ and belong to ＂Tong Zhang Lei＂ （lower plants）.However,compared with the creative translations of botanical terms,the mycological terms in the Zhiwu Xue were translated randomly,and there are mistakes in the relevant text.This book mentions the notions of the modern Chinese mycological terms,such as ＂Zhenjun＂,＂ Baozi＂ and ＂Zinang＂,but doesnt invent the corresponding Chinese terms.The reasons for this situation are closely related to the inferior status of mycology （mycology was undeveloped,and the proportion of mycological knowledge in botany books was small） then in addition to the problems of the translators and times.