中国城镇发展中的就业问题

Employment Issues in the Development of Smaller Urban Centers in China

乡镇层面的城镇化与以城市为中心的城市化不同,它除了从需求角度影响存量劳动力的就业外,还会从多个维度冲击农村劳动力的劳动供给意愿,并改变劳动力蓄水池的容量。基于河南、湖南等五省的调查发现,城镇化普遍提高了各类劳动力的非农供给意愿,但并没有绝对改善非农产业的劳动需求,因而导致了不同的就业后果。依托中心城市辐射效应来推动城镇发展的地区,工业化与城镇化协调推进,非自愿型失业明显减少;在那些脱离周边城市的协同效应而孤立推动城镇化的地区,非农产业的发展滞后,非自愿型失业现象反而加剧。因此,在乡镇层面推动城镇化迫切需要解决产业融合的问题,这有待于对城镇化推进模式进行更系统的整体设计。

Urbanization at the township and village levels is different from urbanization centered on larger cities.Apart from affecting employment of the labor stock in terms of demand,it acts as a multi-dimensional shock to the labor supply intentions of rural labor and changes the capacity of the labor pool.On the basis of surveys in Henan,Hunan and other three provinces,we find that urbanization at this level generally raises the non-agricultural supply intentions of different forms of labor,but this occurs without an absolute improvement in the demand for labor of non-agricultural industries,leading to variable employment results.In regions relying on the radiation effect of central cities to promote the coordinated growth of township development,industrialization and urbanization,there is a marked fall in involuntary unemployment.In those regions that are cut off from the synergistic effect of nearby cities and are promoting small-scale urbanization on their own,development of non-agricultural industries lags behind and involuntary unemployment intensifies.Therefore,we urgently need to solve the problem of industry convergence in promoting urbanization at the township and village levels,and this in turn depends on our devising a much more systematic and comprehensive model for promoting urbanization.