亚洲政治发展比较研究的理论性发现

Theoretical Findings in Comparative Research on Asia's Political Development

基于对亚洲地区日本、韩国、印尼、泰国、新加坡、伊朗、越南、菲律宾、印度以及我国台湾地区政治发展状况为期5年的考察和调研,可以发现,政体结构、权力结构和利益结构是构成政治体系的基本结构,其中政体结构对权力结构具有规制作用,利益结构对权力结构具有建构作用。亚洲政治发展的经验表明,在工业化进程中出现的新兴社会集团是政治发展的主要动力,其获取政治参与和政治权力的努力导致政治体系的变化。而相对于美国政治发展中权力与权利的双重开放,亚洲国家普遍采取了保障民众权利与集中国家权力的"对冲"发展策略,以防止权力开放导致的社会政治冲突,旨在发挥推动工业化和国民经济快速发展的"生产性激励"效应。"快亚洲"与"慢亚洲"的差异表明,传统社会结构限制了国民的平等权利,且易于形成垄断性的分利集团,因此成功实现工业化的国家传统社会结构的瓦解程度较高。权力集中程度较高的政体更倾向于优先推进社会理想目标的实现,更适合于发展中国家;而权力分散程度较高的政体更顾及民众的现实利益诉求,更适合于发达国家。

On the basis of five years of investigation and research on the political development of the Asian countries of Japan,South Korea,Indonesia,Thailand,Singapore, Iran,Vietnam,the Philippines,India and China's Taiwan region,we find that government structures,power structures,and interest structures constitute the basic structures of the political system.Government structures function to regulate power structures while interest structures function to build power structures.The experience of political development in Asia indicates that newly emergent social groups formed in the course of industrialization are the main driving force for political development; their efforts to obtain political participation and political rights lead to changes in the political system.Compared to the twofold growth of powers and rights in American political development,Asian countries and regions generally adopt a'hedging'strategy of assuring the rights of the mass of the people and concentrating state power so as to guard against the social and political conflicts that might arise from the opening up of power.This is aimed at bringing into play the'production incentives'effect in order to encourage industrialization and the rapid development of their national economies. The divergence between'Asia in the fast lane'and'Asia in the slow lane'indicates that traditional social structures restrict the equal rights of citizens and tend to form monopolistic profit-sharing groups.For this reason,traditional social structures tend to be much weaker in countries that have industrialized successfully.Highly centralized forms of government tend to prioritize the realization of social ideals and are more suited to developing countries;forms of government where power is relatively decentralized tend to be more concerned about the immediate interest demands of the mass of the people and are more suited to developed countries.