简论清代俄罗斯文馆的教学效果与失效原因

A Brief Discussion on Teaching Effect and Failure of Russian Schools in Qing Dynasty

俄罗斯文馆是我国正规俄语教育的滥觞,不仅培养过优秀的翻译人才,也为其后同文馆的创立和发展奠定了基础。但该馆俄语教学的整体效果不佳,不同于科学、规范、系统的现代外语教育,文馆在官办旧学的体制影响下,浸染着封建的管理制度和保守的教习方法。文馆教习主要依赖在华的俄国商人、俄国传教士团教士和学生等俄人,师资队伍结构失衡、流动性大、素养参差不齐,甚至有一些俄籍教习在华期间刺探军政情报,损害中国利益。文馆没有独立编撰的、完备的授课教材,虽然翻译出了引自俄国的《俄罗斯翻译捷要》,但该书未自始至终作为教材来使用。学生来源较为局限,囿于八旗,且未经语言禀赋方面的严格考查,俄语学习的效果不佳。

In China, formal Russian language education originated from the Russian schools, which train not only good-quality translators, but founders of the Tongwen Colleges. Different from modem foreign language education, the educational effect of the Russian schools is not good enough to achieve their teaching purposes. Their teachers are mainly from the Russian merchants to China, Russian missionaries, and Russian students, who are moveable and unsteady in teaching quality. Some of them even act as spies to collect the intelligence. There are no fixed textbooks, and the students are mainly the ones from Baqi families. Therefore, the learning efficiency of Russian language is not good.