实践的科学人类学:中国自然科学史研究的新路径——以中国体质人类学史研究为例

The Anthropology of Science in the Practice Theory:The New Route on Studies in the History of Natural Sciences——Take History of Chinese Physical Anthropology Research as Example

从实践人类学出发,本文视中国体质人类学为一个科学场域或知识生产与消费场域,提出了实践的科学人类学研究观。这样的中国体质人类学史考察,既想沿着自然科学发展的内在逻辑进行梳理,同时又把体质人类学史视做中华民族在特定历史时期的一部集体表象史,当然也把它看做是一般意义上的社会集体表象史,最后是特定知识生产场域的社会关系史。在这个知识场域里四个层面是相互渗透与贯通的,彼此互相依附与表述。从一个场域转换到另一个场域,便构成了中国体质人类学的历史进程。实践的科学人类学观可以化解自然科学史研究中内史与外史的争论与困惑。

From the view of anthropology of science in the theory of practice, Chinese physical anthropology should be a scientific field, or a field of knowledge production and consumption. The paper had put forward a kind of theory, namely, the anthropology of science in the theory of practice. From the theory, the history of Chinese physical anthropology can be understood as follows： firstly, it is an internal history in the studies in the history of natural sciences; secondly, it is a collective representation history of the Chinese nation in particular period; thirdly, it is a collective representation history of social groups or the people; fourthly, it is an history of social relations in a special field of knowledge production. In the field, the four arrangements of ideas are each other penetrated, attached to each other, and expressed to each other. Along with the time of change from one field to another field, an history of Chinese physical anthropology had been formed. The view of anthropology of science in the theory of practice can overcome the dispute and dilemma between the internalism and the externalism in the studies in the history of natural sciences.