民法上的利益位阶及其考量

The Hierarchy of Competing Interests in livil Law

利益位阶是解决民事权益冲突的途径。确立利益位阶的规则,可以包括权利优于利益、公共利益优于个体财产利益、人格利益优于财产利益、生命健康权优于一般人格权等规则。在确定具体利益位阶时,如果法有规定,司法者应尊重立法者做出的价值选择。如果法无规定或存在漏洞,则需要裁判者以利益平衡为目的,综合考量系争利益与个人生命健康、个人尊严、社会其他成员,以及社会经济秩序等之间的关系,根据"实践调和"原则行使自由裁量权,对冲突利益的位阶进行排序,为解决利益冲突奠定基础。

To rank competing interests in civil laws serves to resolve conflicts of private interests.In this paper,the author argues for a number of hierarchies.Namely,private rights,private interests that are enumerated by private laws,so to speak,should be prior to private interests;public interests prior to private interests,interests of personality prior to interests of property;interests of life and health prior to other interests of personality.The judiciary should be loyal to the value judgments made by the legislature whenever they exist.In cases of legislative loopholes,the judiciary ought to balance all competing interests and other relevant elements,e.g.,life and health,human dignity,social economic order.When the judiciary ranks competing private interests by itself,it should follow the principle of proportionality.That is to say,the hierarchy serves to realize the interest claims to their best.