唾液和唾液组学与疾病早期诊断

Saliva and salivaomics in early diagnosis of diseases

唾液是由唾液腺分泌液、龈沟液和黏膜渗出液等构成的混合性液体,储存了大量的人类口腔微生物和口腔局部组织以及身体其他部位感染微生物和病毒的RNA和DNA等基因信息,是系统性检测信使核糖核酸和蛋白质变化的重要物质。唾液采集具有非侵袭性,受试者基本无痛苦和不适,有较高的可重复性,安全而廉价,因此唾液组学在世界范围内引起了人们的浓厚兴趣。本文就唾液在疾病早期诊断中的优势,唾液基因组学、唾液转录组学、唾液蛋白质组学、唾液微生物组学、唾液代谢组学和唾液微小RNA研究,龋病标志物、牙周病标志物、舍格伦综合征标志物、口腔癌和头颈部肿瘤标志物、口腔假丝酵母菌病标志物、全身性疾病标志物、病毒感染标志物在口腔疾病和全身系统性疾病早期诊断中的作用等研究进展作一综述。

Saliva is mainly composed of secretions from salivary glands, gingival crevicular fluid, and mucosal transudate. Saliva provides genetic information originating from DNA or RNA of human oral microorganisms located in oral local tissue and other parts of the body. Saliva has an important role in systematically detecting changes of messenger RNA（mRNA） or proteins. As a non-invasive source of complex genetic information of human and oral microbes, extensive studies on saliva have been conducted, such as salivary genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, microbiomics, metabolomics and miRNA. This review summarized the latest developments of salivaomics and addressed the potential value of saliva in the early diagnosis of oral diseases, such as dental caries, periodontal disease, Sjogren syndrome, oral cancer, head and neck tumors, oral candidiasis and other systemic disorders or viral infections.