20世纪90年代以来美国爱国主义教育的时代际遇与实践取向

American Patriotism Education under Its Global Strategic Shift: Innovation and Heritage

爱国主义教育是美国的一种历久弥新的文化和教育传统。20世纪90年代以来,这种传统正面临着全球化、移民多样化、国家认同危机等方面的挑战,并由此产生了极端爱国主义、温和爱国主义、道德爱国主义三种不同立场。面对各种挑战和争议,美国实践中的爱国主义教育正在发生显著变化,包括:通过扩大联邦政府对教育的影响来加强爱国主义教育;在公民国家认同的前提下倡导多元价值、尊重差异;关注公民身份的责任之维,倡导积极公民的培养,等等。而作为文化和教育传统的诸多方面,诸如:注重传递核心价值,强调公共精神的培育和公民能力的培养,融爱国主义教育于公民教育课程体系之中等,则受到广泛尊重,并得以发扬光大。

Patriotism education has been a cultural and educational tradition that will endure and remain fresh for a long time in America. However, in the context of American global strategic shift, this tradition is facing challenges from globalization, diversification of immigration, national identity crisis and etc.. Moreover, three dif- ferent standpoints have come into being from this, namely, extreme patriotism, moderate patriotism and ethical pa- triotism. With various kinds of challenges and controversies, several significant changes have occurred in patriotic education, including enhancing patriotic education by expanding the influence of the federal government, advocat- ing value pluralism on the premise of national identity, respecting differences, focusing on civic responsibilities, advocating education for active citizenship and etc. In addition, some other aspects of cultural and education tradi- tion, such as emphasizing on transmitting the core value, cultivating public spirit and civic competence, making patriotic education integrate into curriculum system of civic education and etc., have been widely respected and carried forward.