生态卫生系统研究进展

The status and trend on the ecological sanitation system research

生态卫生作为一种新的可持续卫生理念,旨在改变人们对现代城市卫生系统的认识,其基本原理是基于生态系统的物质流闭合循环,包括营养循环和水资源循环。本文在阐述生态卫生概念和内涵的基础上,从技术创新、规划与管理、社会实践三个视角对国内外研究现状进行了评述。指出目前生态卫生系统研究中存在的问题:首先,方案设计对居民意见的反馈环节不到位;其次,全套生态卫生技术的集成和示范相对比较欠缺;第三,不同类型方案的成本效益分析以及环境、卫生风险的比较研究有待加强。结合中国实际,分析制约中国生态卫生建设的瓶颈因素包括对生态卫生系统可接受性考虑不周、缺乏政策法规和标准体系的支持与保障、关键设备和工艺有待研发、服务支撑体系的配套辅助不够完善等四方面,并提出城乡不同的生态卫生发展方案、设置管理机构、落实技术规范及标准、推进宣传教育、制定政策法规等建议,以期为中国生态卫生事业的发展提供理论参考。

Ecological sanitation （EcoSan） is a new concept in the field of sustainable health, with the aim of changing how modern urban sanitation systems are viewed. It is based on a closed-loop material cycle in an ecological system, and its design includes the circulation of water and nutrients. In this article, progress in EcoSan research was described from three perspectives, namely, technological innovation, program management, and applied social activities, on the foundation of the concept and various facets of EcoSan. Problems existing in the current studies include a lack of concern about local residents＇ opinions, insufficient integration and demonstra- tion of comprehensive EeoSan technologies, poor cost-benefit analysis, and the lack of compara- tive studies examining how environmental and hygiene risks can be addressed. Meanwhile, in view of the national social and political environment, certain bottlenecks can be summarized as follows ： （ 1 ） the EcoSan system has not yet achieved wide-ranging acceptability, （2） supporting policies and regulatory measures are absent, （3） key equipments remain to be developed, and （4） a complete set of auxiliary service systems is not yet present. In addition, the present study points out relevant suggestions from the perspectives of different urban-rural programs, establish- ment of management institutions, implementation of technical standards and criteria, enhance- ment of publicity and education, and formulation of policies and regulations. These are necessary in order to provide theoretical references for the development of effective ecological sanitation pro- grams in China.