大慧寺彩塑造像定名研究——兼谈“标准器比较法”

The Naming of Pained Clay Figures in Dahui Temple

北京西直门外大慧寺大悲殿内现存一堂佛教造像:殿内中心位置的主尊是千手观音菩萨立像,其旁有童子和龙女像,其前有两尊对称的协侍菩萨立像;殿内北壁及东、西两壁下共有彩塑造像28尊。为了研究这批造像组合的性质及其所表现的思想文化内涵,就需要先确认它们各自的准确名号。经查,这批造像中有多尊造像存在着同一尊造像的名号与以往公开的材料中并不一致的问题,而且鲜有专门的定名研究成果进行说明,现有的研究中也存在一定的不足。因此,本文希望通过进行文物鉴定工作来确认各尊造像的身份。文物鉴定包括鉴别真伪、确定时代、确定名称等。在文物鉴定中会广泛的使用"标准器比较法",但在使用这一方法的时候需要注意使用条件,即作为"标准器"的参照物与研究对象之间的诸多因素。本文以北京大慧寺的28尊彩塑为例,在探讨文物定名的同时一并浅谈使用"标准器比较法"时需注意的一些问题。通过研究,本文认为大慧寺28尊彩塑是二十诸天像与天龙八部像的组合。

To understand the twenty-eight painted clay figures, among the set of Buddhist sculptures at Dabeidian, Dahui Temple in Beijing, it is important to know their names. However, in the few researches on these figures that have been published so far, some are given different names. The current author attempts to identify these figures. Cultural relics appraisal generally involves identification of the authenticity and date of a specific object or a specific group of objects and, more importantly, naming of the objects. ＂Standard comparator method＂ is often adopted in this process. This paper discusses the naming of these figures and the use of the ＂standard comparator method＂. The twenty-eight painted clay figures are identified as the twenty devas and the eight classes of brave divine beings.