《金国汗黄台吉与海岛刘兴治等告天盟书》考

Treaty of Alliance between Later Jin and Liu Brothers

明末,盘踞在辽东皮岛的汉人势力刘氏兄弟先后经历了"叛明归(后)金"与"叛金归明"。然归明后的困局让刘氏兄弟逐渐成为游走于明廷与后金政权之间的第三股军事势力,并成为明廷与后金之间争取的对象。明廷欲通过刘氏兄弟联络海上汉人抗金势力,建构以皮岛为中心的海上防御后金的军事力量,故积极笼络刘氏兄弟。为化解明朝的海上防御战略,皇太极运用离间计与恩威并施之策,积极"争取"刘氏兄弟势力。在皇太极不断加大政治砝码诱惑之下,刘氏兄弟终于走向后金一边。天聪四年七八月间,刘氏兄弟与后金在盛京、皮岛先后举行秘密盟誓。然随着刘兴治被岛内反对盟誓者所杀,盟誓之目的亦化为泡影。但自此后,明廷海上防御线逐步被后金瓦解,加重了明廷的危局。中国国家博物馆藏有一件《金国汗黄台吉与海岛刘兴治等告天盟书》,它是天聪四年后金政权与皮岛刘氏兄弟之间盟誓的历史证物。经对勘,其所载内容与满文文献完全契合,具有独特的历史与学术价值。本文将该盟书与满、汉文材料相互佐证,试图复原天聪四年七月十一日金国汗黄台吉与皮岛刘兴治等盟誓的前因后果等历史面貌,以示该件文书的历史与学术价值。

Towards the end of the Ming dynasty, the Liu Xingzhi brothers based on the Pi Island in the Liaodong Peninsula had been entangled in the power struggle between Ming and Later Jin regimes. The Ming wanted to cooperate with them to liaise with Han people on islands around the Pi Island and combat the Jin. The Jin also wanted to form alliance with the Liu brothers to overcome the Ming sea defences. The treaty of alliance between Huangtaiji of the Later Jin and the Liu brothers （金国汗黄台吉与海岛刘兴治等告天盟书, 4th year of Tiancong period, 1630, National Museum of China） corresponds precisely to historical records written in Manchu. The current author compares this document with Manchu and Chinese literature and points out that the secret alliance was made by Huangtaiji on the 11th day of the 7th month. Although the alliance soon became invalid after Liu Xingzhi was killed by his opponents, sea defences of the Ming began to be destroyed by the Later Jin.