从近视的普遍化看人类的拉马克式进化

A look at the Lamarckian evolution of mankind from the generalization of myopia

这个世界戴眼镜的人越来越多。关于近视的机制,有很多的学说。但总体来看,近视是人类演化的方向。随着科学技术、生产力的发展,人类的劳作从粗狂向越来越精细的方向发展,需要长时间的近距离视物。同时,劳动的前期训练也即受教育的时间延长。近距离读书、工作,视物成像在视网膜后,需要调节后方能成像于视网膜上。调节方式有两种,即睫状肌收缩导致的晶状体屈光度加大调节和眼轴的加长调节。睫状肌收缩是短期行为,我们称之为调节;而眼轴的伸长为长期的调节方式,我们称之为适应。学界早已公认,近视可以遗传。如此看来,人类近视比例的增加,正是拉马克式演化。在本文中,我们通过对近视形成过程的分析,探讨达尔文和拉马克式进化理论的科学性。

More and more people are wearing glasses now. There are many hypotheses on the mechanisms of myopia genesis. At large, myopia is the momentum of human evolution. Along with the advances of science and productivity, the work style of mankind has changed from rough to increasingly refine and requires seeing at near for prolonged time. Moreover, training before work~ i.e., education time has been prolonged. When reading and working at near, the imaging of the objects will fall behind the retina. Therefore, adjustment must be made to get the image onto the retina. There exist two approaches of adjustment. One is by the contraction of ciliaris to increase the curvature of the lens. The other one is the elongation of the axis of the eyes. The contraction of ciliaris is a short-term reaction, which we call adjustment; in contrary, the elongation of eye axis is a long-term adjustment, which we call adaptation. It is known that myopia is inheritable. Therefore, the increasing popularization of myopia is a type of Lamarckian evolution. In this paper~ we discuss the genesis of myopia and the rationality of Darwinian and Lamarckian evolution.