论中国古代公园的形成——兼论宋代城市公园发展

Formation Analysis of Chinese Ancient Parks——Analysis of Urban Parks Development in Song Dynasty

公园是城市文明演变的阶段性产物,研究公园的起源,对城市文明演变的阶段划分有一定的标志性作用。从20世纪90年代始,园林史研究者逐步关注古代园林的公共性,并分析了不少的公共园林实例,普遍认为中国公园的产生始于清末的近代城市内。这一观点与我国城市文明演变的阶段很不相符,因为至迟在宋代,已在开放式街巷城市中形成城市公园。根据已有研究分析和历史文献检索,阐述了公园的概念和发展脉络;并通过城市文明演变、"与民同乐"的平等思想普及、群体游园炽盛等物质文化背景分析,结合宋代方志中的典型公园实例,提出城市公园形成于宋代的观点。

The formation of parks is closely related to urban social and political system, economic development and citizens＇ life. Parks are the periodical result of urban civilization development. The study of parks＇ origin plays a landmark role in dividing the stages of urban civilization development. Since 1990s, researchers of the history of gardens and parks have begun to pay more and more attention to the publicity of ancient gardens and parks. They have analyzed quite a lot of cases of public gardens and parks. But they widely believe that parks came into being in the cities of the modern times in Qing Dynasty. This belief is against the stages of urban civilization development in China. Urban parks came into being in the open streets and cities later in Song Dynasty because of urban business and economy, civil culture and the political philosophy of having fun with the citizens from Confucianism. This article proposes four elements including guidance of public investment in parks, public urban space, space opening degree and artificial landscape scale, analyzes the economic and cultural background of park lbrmation in Song Dynasty and differentiates and analyzes the original time and cultural meaning of parks in China from the perspectives of categorization basis of parks and public gardens, concepts and elements of parks and relevant summary of parks studies by combing the existing analysis and historical document retrieval.