从对抗到合作:美国矿山安全卫生执法模式沿革与启示

From Confronting to Cooperating:the Pattern Reforming of U. S. Mining Safety and Health Act Enforcement and Its Inspirations

美国是世界上矿山安全卫生规制最好的国家之一,这在很大程度上得益于其矿山安全卫生执法模式的持续变革。在1969年以前,美国实行市场主导型的信息服务执法模式,20世纪70年代开始推行强制服从执法模式,20世纪末期开始了合作服务型执法手段的创新与尝试,2012年即公开呼吁应向合作服务型执法模式转变。美国矿山安全卫生执法模式沿革的经验教训对于我国矿山安全卫生执法模式转型的方向与时机均有借鉴意义。

As one of the best countries on mining safety regulation among the world, U.S. achieved the success basically through the continuous reforms of its mining safety law enforcement patterns, which evolved from market oriented Informational Approach before 1969 to Forced Compliance Approach that started at 1970 s. From the end of 20＇ s century, measures that focused on cooperation and service gradually went into mining safety enforcement practices. In 2012, MSHA declared the aims of transforming to the Cooperation ＆ Service Approach. From the process of U. S. mining safety enforcement pattern reforming, some valuable inspirations could be found to China＇ s mining safety enforcement pattern reforming in the future.