行政救济中的机构独立与专业判断——美国行政法官的经验与问题

Institution Independence and Expertise Judgment in Administrative Remedy——Experience and issues of the Administrative Law Judge in U. S. A.

行政法官是美国行政法体系较为独特的职位与现象,他们每天通过听证的方式处理大量的行政纠纷案件,发挥着重要的作用。与之相伴的是有关行政法官独立性与专业性问题的争议长期存在。在联邦层面,现行制度是妥协的产物,而各州层面则不断推陈出新,有的州甚至以"行政法院"命名机构独立的行政法官组织,体现了美国人对行政过程、行政复议、行政救济等理念的独特认识,背后的思维逻辑值得中国在完善行政救济制度时加以关注。

Administrative law judge is a more important post and unique phenomenon in U. S. A. administrative law system, which handles lots of administrative disputes by hearing everyday and plays an important role. Meanwhile, there exist long - standing controversy about the administrative independence and professional issues of the judges. At the federal level, the current system is the outcome of compromises, but at the states level, some states even name as the Administrative law Court to the insti- tutions independent organization of the administrative law judge, which reflecting Americans＂ understanding of the concept and logics of the administrative process, administrative relief, which also can contribute to improve the system of administrative reme- dy in China.