“赵本山的爷爷”和“赵本山的帽子”——漫谈汉语中的两种领属结构

Two Types of Possessive Structures in Chinese

根据领属者与被领属者之间关系的紧密程度,可以将领属结构区分为可让渡的领属与不可让渡的领属两种类型。从结构形式看,领属结构又有领属者前置和后置两种形式,以英语为代表的语言常常可以通过观察能否采用领属者后置的形式来区分领属关系的"可让渡性"。汉语表达领属只有前置结构一种格式,因此"的"成为区别领属关系"可让渡性"的一个重要形式标记。本文主要通过考察汉语普通话和晋语交城话中的"的"以及交城话标记人际间固有领属关系的标记成分"家"来探讨汉语在区分领属结构可让渡性方面表现出来的结构特点,同时对领属结构内部"语用层"和"语义层"分层制图的特征也做了初步探讨,对"的"在领属结构中表达"语用领属"的功能中心语地位做了简要描写。

The present study is a comparison between two types of Chinese possessive structures, i.e. alienable possessive structures and inalienable possessive structures. The il- lustrated examples are mostly from Mandarin Chinese and Jiaocheng dialect, a dialect in Shanxi province. It is also concerned with the syntactic status of Chinese functional head “de” and its occurrence in the related possessive structures. The result of the study suggests that the occurrence of “de” in unalienable possessive structures is optional, while its occurrence in alienable possessive structures is obligatory. It is argued that “de” in both languages is a functional head which can serve as a pragmatic possessive marker in “pragmatic layer” of the corresponding possessive structures.