青海云杉无性系种子园雌雄球花空间分布与管理

Spatial Distribution and Management on Female and Male Cones of Clonal Seed Orchard of Picea crasifolia Mill

青海云杉雌性球花空间分布受强的遗传控制，是长期自然选择的结果。雌球花垂直分布在树冠中上部项层轮生枝以下，有花冠层占66．67％，无性系间有花冠层的变异系数为35．49％；雄球花与雌球花相反，分布在树冠中下部，有花冠层占68．75％，无性系间有花冠层的变异系数为9．09％。雌球花水平分布于1～4枝序间，雄球花分布于3～8枝序间。通常青海云杉无性系球花数H（雌）：H（雄）：1：5．6，但是有偏雄无性系，球花数H（雌）：H（雄）=l：24．53（～39．64），无性系间雌雄球花量差异显著。云杉种子园建园或升级换代时应选择雌雄球花分布比较均衡的无性系，合理配置．减少自交。根据云杉雌雄球花的分布特性，种子园树体整形修剪时进行截顶、疏枝和枝条回缩，降低结实层，增加通风透光性，减小采种难度。进行云杉雌雄球花早期分化时间和机理的研究，促进雌雄球花空间的合理分布和比例，提高种子生产量和品质，根据雌球花量进行种子产量的预测。

The spatial distribution of female cones of Picea crasifolia Mill is strongly controlled by heredity, which is the result of long-term natural selection. The female cones vertically distributed in the upper-middle part of the top verticillate branches with 66.67% of coronal layer, and the coefficient variation of coronal layer among clones was 35.49%. The male cones vertically distributed in the middle or lower part of the crown with 68.75% of coronal layer, and the coefficient variation of coronal layer among clones was 9.09%. In the horizontal direction, the female cones distributed between the 1 st and 4 th branch, and the male cones distributed between the 3 rd and 8 th branch. The ratio of female and male cones was 1 ： 5.6, while the phenomenon of biased male clones also occurred with the ratio of female and male of I ： 24.53-1 ： 39.64. The variance of quantity of female and male cones among clones was significant. The clones, whose female and male cones showed a relatively balanced distribution, were reasonably arranged when the seed orchard of P. asperata was built or upgraded, thereby, the selfing was decreased.