明代捐赀研究

Study on Donating Substance in the Ming Dynasty

在明代捐纳制度中,捐赀包括实物和白银。在捐纳推行初期,捐赀主要是粮食、马匹、草等实物,随着捐纳制度的广泛推行,实物捐纳存在携带不便和损耗等弊端,报捐人逐渐减少。随着白银的逐渐流通,为鼓励人们捐纳,明廷将白银纳入捐赀之中,嘉靖后出现实物和白银并行之局面。在捐赀的具体操作中,实物和白银各有优劣,明廷从解决时局危机出发,采取灵活之策。另外,从捐赀的多样性可窥知明末千疮百孔的财政状况。

Donating substance was important in the donation system in the Ming dynasty. It included items and money. But there were disadvantages in donation items, such as not carring and wastage, which gradually diminished. After silver circula- ted, the governor stipulated that people could donate silver in order to encourage them. After Jiajing dynasty, kinds of items and slivers paralled, they had its own advantages. For solving the problem realistically, the Ming government adopted flexible measures. In conclusion ,we could find bad finance in Ming dynasty from the variety donating substance.