同籍专业化模式的演变及其差异——基于潮商与晋商的比较研究

The Evolution of the Same-Region Professionalized Business Pattern: A Comparison between Businesses from Chaoshan and Those from Shanxi

施坚雅的同籍专业化模式有助于我们重新认识近代变革中一些商帮衰落的关键因素。晋商和潮商分别代表了同籍专业化模式的两种演变路径。随着商业经营规模的扩大,晋商逐渐由小家族企业向同籍联合企业转变;潮商则进一步明确和规范了小家族企业,逐步转变为家族联合专业化企业形态,并通过对家族成员的专业训练来减轻和替代对同籍专业化模式的依赖。潮商与晋商在同籍专业化模式上的差异直接影响了他们在近代变革中的制度创新能力。潮商以家族制度融合西方股份制,降低了制度创新成本,实现了从传统到现代的转换;而晋商的同乡联合模式则抗拒现代法人制度,导致了高昂的制度创新成本。

The same-region professionalized business pattern identified by Shi Jianya is helpful for us to understand the critical factors contributing to the fall of some regional business groups in modern times. Businesses from Chaoshan and those from Shanxi represent two evolution paths. As business scale grew, the former changed gradually from small-sized family or clan businesses to joint enterprises run by people of the same region, and the latter gradually became professionalized enterprises of family cooperation through their professional training of clansmen, hence their lesser dependence on the same-region professionalized business pattern. The difference in pattern between businesses from Chaoshan and those from Shanxi influenced their institutional innovativeness in modern transformations. In businesses from Chaoshan, the clan system was combined with the western shareholding system, thus lowering costs of institutional innovation, and making possible the shift from tradition to modernism, while the pattern of businesses from Shanxi resisted modern legal person system, leading to high costs in institutional innovation.