分析性、必然性和逻辑真理

Analyticity, Necessity and Logical Truth

西方哲学史上存在着三组基本而又非常重要的哲学概念:分析与综合、先天与后天、偶然与必然。按照对这三组概念的一种理解(如逻辑经验主义):分析陈述=先天陈述=必然陈述。康德打破了分析性与先天性之间的联系,克里普克打破了先天性与必然性之间的联系,奎因打破了分析与综合的区分。上述哲学家的洞见对我们深入理解三组哲学概念以及与之相关的哲学问题起到了至关重要的作用。最近三十年来,一些分析哲学家进一步研究这些概念之间的关系:卡普兰打破了分析性与必然性之间的关联,策尔塔打破了必然真与逻辑真之间的关联,从而给我们提供了一个更为深入的分析性概念。通过区分两种必然性(语言必然性和事实必然性),再根据此种区分对三组概念的分分合合展开全面的梳理分析,并依据策尔塔对逻辑真的解释对分析性重新给予界定,一种薄版本的分析性概念可得以坚持:分析命题就是逻辑为真的命题,而并非必然为真的命题。

There are three pairs of important concepts in the history of Western philosophy: analytic and synthetic, a priori and a posteriori, and necessary and contingent. According to logical empiricism,an analytic statement is equal to an a priori statement or a necessary statement. Kant broke the relationship between the analytic and the a priori. Kripke rejected the identity between the necessary and the a priori. Quine broke the distinction between the analytic and the synthetic. The foregoing philosophers' insights help us to understand the three pairs of concepts and related problems. In latest thirty years, some analytic philosophers made a further understanding on these concepts. Kaplan(1989)rejected the relationship between the analytic and the necessary. Zalta(1988) rejected the relationship between necessary truth and logical truth, and offered a new interpretation on analyticity. This paper will distinguish two kinds of necessities(linguistic necessity and factual necessity). According to this distinction, it will examine the three pairs of concepts and redefine analyticity by means of Zalta's account of logical truth. A thin version of analyticity will be established. Analytic truth is logical truth rather than factual truth.