不同形状出口处的人员拥挤研究

Study on the layout of different shapes of the exits of the passenger crowds

通过对人员疏散过程中出现的拥挤现象的动力学研究,揭示了人员疏散过程中速度的变化规律,以及人员在运动过程的受力状态,阐明了前后拥挤和左右拥挤对人员疏散的影响,并用Pathfinder疏散模拟软件,分别对拥有"一"字形、"十"字形、"T"形、"┴"形安全出口的防火分区进行数值模拟,得出了不同形状出口处人员的拥挤状况。

The paper is concerned about a study of the design of dif- ferent shapes of exits for the crowds of evaeuators in emergency. Ki- netic studies reveal that human evacuation speed and human stress tends to follow the changing state in the moving course. According to the theoretical analysis, we have chosen a software named Pathfinder as a simulation tool, which can be used for the numerical simulation analysis of different types of safety exits of the fire-disaster zones, that is, respectively, such as the shape of a single line like ＂-＂, the shape of a cross like the sign of addition in arithmetic ＂ ＋ ＂, .a ＂T＂ shape and an inverted ＂⊥＂. An in-depth analysis of the evacuation time, evacuation routes, congestion of the four conditions helps to show that： （1） The position where the crowd is staying from the safe- ty exits tends to show the effect on the valid evacuation speed, which tends to decrease when the intersection angle between the evacuation direction and staying points of the evacuators is likely to increase; （2） The evacuating people from the front-back direction would have to bear the evacuation trend from the reverse pushing, and, then, begin to decrease their own evacuation speed. At the same time, the crowd from the left-to-right direction tends to produce a damping force to push the people to give up the original evacuation line and make the other groups of evacuators deviate even more seriously and harsh- ly; （3）According to the simulation result of different shapes of safety exits, under the same condition, the time that took the people to e- vacuate through the cross-shaped exit turns out to be the shortest, and it would be the most favorable direction for the evacuating crowds to get out. Therefore, our study results can help to make human evacu- ation process more reasonable and provide a reference for the con- struction of proper shapes of exits in actual public buildings.