宪政视野下的司法独立——基于中外宪法文本的比较研究

Judicial Independence under Constitutional Perspective——On the Comparative Study of Chinese and Western Constitutional Text

宪法是国家制度设计的蓝本,是宪政理念最直接的体现,是司法独立的一面镜子,更是实践司法独立思想的首要制度保障。司法独立思想来源于古希腊政治哲学家的宪政思想与分权制衡的理念,它具有三大特征:司法权独立,法院独立和法官独立。就司法权力的独立而言,主要西方国家有两大特征:一是设置了专门行使司法权力的机构;二是明确规定了司法权力的独立行使范围。1949年以前,我国宪法文本对于"司法制度"的设计与西方国家存在着很大的相似性,有几个宪法文本就是学习与借鉴英美国家来制定的。1949年建国以后,我国宪法文本中对于"司法制度"的设计也与之前的风格迥异。

The Constitution is the blueprint of a national system design and the most direct manifestation of the constitutional con-cept of judicial independence. It’s also the mirror of judicial independence and the first system to put it into practice. The idea of judiciary independence is from the constitutional concept of separation of powers and political philosophers of ancient Greece, which has three characteristics including independence of the judiciary, independent courts and judges, are independent. In terms of the idea of in-dependent judicial powers, there are two main characteristics in the constitutional text of the main western countries. Firstly, they set up a special agency to exercise judicial power; Secondly, they clearly define the scope of the independent exercise of judicial power. Before the year of 1949, there are significant similarities between the justice system design among our constitutional text and Western coun-tries’ and there are several constitutional text of China is learned and developed from the Anglo-Saxon countries ’. After the year of 1949, we established a new democratic country and walked into a socialist road, the design of justice system in our constitutional text is also different from the previous styles.