西方语法化理论视角下对汉语话语标记“你看”的分析

An Analysis of Chinese Discourse Marker “Nikan” from the Perspective of Grammaticalization Theories

在语义上"你看"中"看"的语义呈现抽象性增强的趋势。随着"看"语义的抽象化,实词"看"逐渐虚化为一种功能成分,"你看"的主观性不断增加,基于抽象化的语义承担相应的语用功能,这种抽象化和主观化过程符合语法化的隐喻机制——语用推理。然而,"看"的实词语义在语法化过程中并未消失,而是体现了西方语法化的语义滞留原则,多个语义共存于同一共时层面。在"看"的语义虚化的同时,"你看"的结构也随之固化,由"你│看"衍变为"你看",逐渐凝结为一个固定搭配,即话语标记,其固化过程可由语法化的重新分析机制解释。这启示我们,西方语法化理论在一定程度上,有助于对汉语话语标记的分析和研究。

This paper attempts to apply grammaticalization theories to analyzing the formation of Chinese discourse marker Nikan in terms of its meaning and structure. The result suggests that the meaning of Kan in Nikan becomes increasingly general during grammaticalization. Furthermore, Nikan is subjectivized and develops corresponding pragmatic functions related to the lexical meanings of Kan Such abstraction and subjectification accord with one mechanism of grammaticalization--pragmatic inference. However, the lexical meanings at different stages of grammaticalization coexist in the same synchronic level instead of fading away, which embodies semantic retention proposed in grammaticalization