民族主义与文化运动:清末简易识字学塾的兴办

Nationalism and Cultural Movement: The Rising of Simple-literacy Primary Schools( Xueshu) in the Late Qing Dynasty

清末,出于工具理性下对文字适用性的认知,民族主义诉求下保存民族文化、开启民智的渴求以及"预备立宪"选民资格的考虑,士大夫精英及清王朝开始关注下层民众的识字问题。从1908年起,清王朝开展了简易识字学塾运动。从颁布简易识字课本到催促、考核各省的实际运作,无不交融着国人的文化理想与政治理想。虽然地方政府在实行该政策时表现出了一定的急进性,在上报成果时出现了弄虚作假之现象,但是,其深刻的社会背景、积极的运作举措、较大的办塾成果无不给后世以启发。

In the late Qing Dynasty,considering the text applicability under the instrumental rationality,the desire for preservation of national culture and enlightenment under the demands of nationalism,and the qualifications of'constitutionalism'voters,the Qing dynasty and the literati elite began to focus on the lower people's literacy issues. From 1908,the Qing dynasty carried out a simple-literacy movement. The movement showed people's cultural and political ideals from enactment of simple literacy to urging and assessing the actual operation of the provinces. Though the local governments showed certain rapid progression in implementing the policy and there appeared some false phenomenon in reported results,the deep social background,positive operational measures,and the larger achievements all inspired the later generations.