《侵权责任法》第54条解释论之基础

The Basis of Interpretative Theory for Article 54 of Tort Liability Law

我国民法学者多使用替代责任原理解释《侵权责任法》第54条,其目的是为了缓解受害人的举证压力,并为其举证提供便利,但是这种方法无法合理说明本应承担替代责任的医疗机构为何需要具备过错的要件要求,也无法妥当协调不同主体之间的利益关系。现代以来,为了更好地保护遭受企业活动侵害的受害人,组织过错原理应运而生。以组织过错原理解释医疗损害责任,既可实现对受害人的有效保护,也可对医疗机构和有轻过失的医务人员提供法律上的激励措施。《侵权责任法》第54条的解释论基础并非替代责任原理而应为组织过错原理,唯有如此,方能妥善回应其可能面临的若干法律问题。

In order to alleviate victim＇ s pressure of proof and provide convenience of proof for victims, most scholars use theory of vicarious liability to interpret article 54 of Tort Liability Law, but this way cannot explain why medical institutions which are supposed to have vicarious liability should have the requirement of fault elements and cannot coordinate different subjects＇ interest relationship properly. In modern time, for the sake of protecting victims who suffered from the enterprise＇ s activity, the theory of organizational fault arises. Using such theory to interpret the liability of medical damage can offer efficient protections to victims and pro- vide legal motivation for medical institutions and medical theory for article 54 shall not be respond to some legal issues personnel with culpa levis. The basis of interpretative the theory of vicarious liability but the theory of organizational fault to properly respond to some legal issues.