中古士族文化的下移與唐宋之際的社會演變

The Culture Popularization and Social Progression

以儒家倫理爲中心的禮法,在先秦時期只是百家中的一家。漢代則通過獨尊儒術,把經學變成了官方意識形態。東漢末年,世代讀經、做官的名士世家,逐漸演變爲士族。魏晉南北朝時期,士族開始形成了自己獨特的家法和門風。到了唐宋之際,士族開始與官爵脱鈎,禮法文化也爲更多的社會階層所接受。門閥士族不再獨占文化上的優勢。士族的衰落與禮法的下移是一個同步發展的過程。在這個過程中,中國化的佛教扮演了重要角色。隨後興起的理學,則是針對業已下移普及的禮法文化完成了一次理論化重建。

The ethical system centering on Confucianism was only one school of philosophy among the many in the pre-Qin period. However, through the central government's recognition of Confucian theories as the orthodoxy in the Han Dynasty,classical Confucianism became the official ideology. In the later period of the Eastern Han Dynasty, aristocratic families,whose members studied Confucian classics and secured officials for generations,became the elite of society. During the Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties,elite families formed their particular household disciplines and moral standards. In the Tang and Song Dynasties,when elite families were separated from official rankings,their ethical system became more accepted by the society. Elite families of power and influence no longer dominated the cultural circle. Actually,the decline of the elite family and the popularization of elite ethics were synchronized processes, during which, the localized Buddhism played an important role. The neo Confucianism, which rose later, was actually an ethical reconstruction of the popularized ethics and culture.