從“火耕水耨”到“以溝爲天”——漢唐間江南的稻作農業與水利工程考論

From “Fire Cultivation and Water Weeding”to “Depending on Canals”: A Study on Rice Cultivation and Water Conservancy in Jiangnan from Han Dynasty to Tang Dynasty

漢唐間江南稻作農業的發展過程,在東晉南朝是一個節點,其重要標誌是,江東地區"帶海傍湖"的"會土"(寧紹平原)出現了數十萬頃依賴農田水利保障的"膏腴上地",這是對東漢江東地區鏡湖、錢塘縣防海大塘工程的繼承、發展,是以完善的農田水利設施爲特徵的先進稻作方式對南方傳統的粗放原始的稻作方式的局部勝利。江東地區地方勢力在水利工程建設中的重要作用值得特别注意。東漢六朝江淮地區的稻作生產及農田水利,經歷了一個不同於江東地區的曲折發展過程,極强的軍事性、權宜性爲其特點。中唐是又一個重要節點,中唐以後,江南出現興修農田水利工程的高潮,全國水利工程興修重心移到江南,稻作相對於旱作的潛在優勢開始發揮、顯現出來。

In the development of rice cultivation in Jiangnan,the era ofEastern Jin and Southern Dynasties was a turning point. The importance of this era was shown as follows: in Kuaiji( Ningshao Plain) of Jiangdong area,which was surrounded by the sea and lakes, the area of fertile soil based on irrigation reached to tens of thousands of square kilometres. This development dated from Eastern Han Dynasty when projects such as Jing Lake and coast-defence embankment were finished in the area of Jiangdong area. And,it can be considered as a partial victory of advanced mode of rice cultivation, which was characterized by water conservancy establishment,on the traditional and primitive mode. In these water conservancy constructions,the role of local force was noteworthy. Rice cultivation and water conservancy of Jianghuai in Eastern Han Dynasty was developing in a tortuous way,which was different from Jiangdong and characterized by military usage and temporality. In the abovementioned course,another turning point was the era of middle Tang Dynasty,from then on,climax of water conservancy constructions appeared in Jiangnan, meanwhile the main emphasis of water conservancy project in China also moved to Jiangnan,and the potential advantage of rice cultivation as compared to dry farming appeared gradually.