贵州雷公山地区苗族的酒曲植物

Plants in Starter Culture for Brewing Traditional Liquor of Miao Ethnic Group in Leigongshan Mountain,Guizhou

贵州省雷公山地区的苗族至今保持着传统的酿酒工艺,以及传统酒曲的制作技术。为了保护和传承苗族酒文化,采用民族植物学和植物分类学方法,调查当地群众酿造土酒的工艺,记录传统酒曲的制作技术以及酒曲植物的种类。研究发现,雷公山地区的苗族土酒和我国其他小曲酒的酿造工艺相似;整理、鉴定、编目酒曲植物19科28属35种,其中兔耳一支箭(Piloselloides hirsuta)和河北木蓝(Indigofera bungeana)是使用频度最高的植物;通常采集植物鲜嫩的茎、叶、芽来制作酒曲,较少使用全草。传统的酒曲制作技术正面临失传,应深入开展酒曲植物及相关传统知识的调查和研究,保存和记录苗族酒文化的物质基础,有利于促进苗族酒文化的传承和相关生物资源的保护。

For many years, traditional knowledge, techniques and know-how have been applied in the process of fer- mentation of traditional liquor and also in the process of making its starter cuhure by Miao ethnic group who lives in Leigongshan Mountain, Southwest China. To protect liquor culture of Miao people, and in order to document and transmit it from generation to generation, we have conducted a series of surveys on the techniques and the process of brewing traditional liquor and making starter culture; and we have documented the plants which have been used for starter culture via ethnobotanical and taxonomical approaches, such as key informants interview, participatory rural appraisal, and ethnobotanical inventory. It has been demonstrated that the traditional liquor in Miao communities re- sembles other Xiaoqu alcoholic in terms of both the producing process and techniques. Thirty-five species of plants used in starter culture, which belong to 19 families and 28 genera, were identified and inventoried. Piloselloides hirsuta （Asteraceae） and Indigofera bungeana （Fabaceae） are the most frequently employed ones among all of the plants. Fresh and tender stems, leaves, or shoots of the plants are parts of plants which are used to make distiller＇ s yeast; while the whole plant is barely used. The traditional knowledge associated with starter culture would fail to be handed down in a few decades, due to erosion of modernization and losses of young （female） labor and the ethnic language as well. More researche should be carried out as soon as possible to promote liquor culture of Miao people, e.g. cen- sus on plants in starter culture and valuation of its biological activities.