汉代犁耕驾牛方式和用具的初步研究

Research on Beam Pulling and Dragging Methods of Cattle-Powered Plough and Its Related Harness in the Han Dynasties

汉代牛耕有二牛抬杠、一牛一马并耕、一牛挽耕三种形式,分别采用颈索系衡套驾和偏系套驾。二牛抬杠以绳将衡杠分别与二牛之颈索相连,而不是直接用颈索拴缚衡杠。汉代没有双辕犁,因此一牛挽耕只能是偏系套驾,参照甘肃河西地区魏晋壁画墓牛耕图,套驾时可能在辕端绑缚短横木,贴于牛颈一侧,再用绳索绑定,或者与牛颈另一侧同样的短木相连,使两短木夹住牛颈,搭在两肩之前。一牛一马并耕,牛是驾辕的,马是拉边的,马以绳索与犁架或辕的后端相连,牛的驾辕方式则与其他单牛独辕的套驾完全一样。

During the Han era, the cattle-powered plough includes 3 major types： double-oxen coupling plough, one horse and one cattle coupling plough and one cattle plough. These three types of ploughs can also be classified into two groups according to their dragging methods： ＇ neck-loop＇ dragging and one-side beam-carrying dragging. As there was no double draft-poles plough in the Han period, the beam for single cattle powered plough has to be set up on either side of its neck. By referencing the nmral depicting agricultural scenes during the Wei and Jin Dynasties in the Hexi area, the yoke might have been a small piece of wood attached to the beam and bounded to either side of oxen＇s neck using ropes. In some cases, wood pieces were bounded to both sides of oxen＇s neck at the same time against shoulder. Regarding the method of using oxen and horse powers at the same time, an ox usually is used to pull the beam while a horse is carrying the landside or handle section of plough. Horse is connected to the plough frame or the beam through lope, while the beam-carrying way of oxen is quite similar to other scenario of single ox dragging.