刑法分则语境中“明知”的认定

Research on Identification of "Knowing Perfectly Well" in Miscellaneous Provisions of Criminal Law

刑法分则条文以及司法解释中出现多处"明知",此处"明知"的含义有别于总则中故意犯罪规范中的"明知"。学界对"明知"、"确知"、"实知"与"应知"的含义存在认识上的分歧,且难以辨析,致使在司法实务中认定"明知"的标准不一,认定方法各异。文章从规范分析入手,结合语义分析方法,阐释"明知"的认定,首先应当以证据证明、发现行为人的主观心态为主;其次完善刑事法规范,对"明知"认识程度进行分级,体系化"明知"认识内容,从而解决变更待证事实这一方式存在的诸多问题,以贯彻罪刑法定原则,严格限制刑事推定的适用。

There is a lot of＆quot;knowing perfectly well＆quot;in the rules of criminal law and judicial interpretation, in which the meaning of＆quot;knowing perfectly well＆quot;is different from the knowledge in general rules of the specifi-cation of intentional crime. Theorists have different opinions on＆quot;knowing perfectly well＆quot;, as for＆quot;ascertain＆quot;,＆quot;real knowledge＆quot;or＆quot;should have known＆quot;, so it is such a difficult discrimination that judicial departments try different methods to identify＆quot;knowing perfectly well＆quot;. Starting from the normative analysis with the semantic analysis, the author defines＆quot;knowing perfectly well＆quot;. First, evidence should be provided to find that the main perpetrator＆#39;s subjective state of mind;Secondly, the criminal law norms should be improved, and the under-standing degree of＆quot;knowing perfectly well＆quot;should be classified and the content should be systematic, so as to solve the problems in changing the facts to be proved in order to implement the principle of legality;Finally criminal presumption should be applied strictly.